RECOVER: Subsequent Infections, Manuscript Tables and Figures
Report for progress on study modeling and analysis for the comparison of the presence of post-acute RSV infection in COVID-positive patients compared to comparison groups (influenza and other acute respiratory infections).
1 Main analysis: Any respiratory infection analysis (original aim 2&3)
- This version of the report excludes the following sites whose proportion of influenza lab-confirmed cases is < 20% from Nov-1, 2022 to Apr 30, 2023:
- Monte, Nationwide (borderline)
- Columbia, Emory, Intermountain, Ochsner, Temple, UTH, OSU, UTSW, Wakeforest
1.1 Supplemental Table 5a : attitrion talble for a) main cohort evaluating the outcome of any respiratory infection
This attrition table considers the cohort entry period to be defined from June 1, 2021 to March 1, 2023. This means that the study outcome window will extend from July 1, 2021 to March 1, 2023.
Attrition based on cohort inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were computed according to the following rules.
Patients under 6 years old with at least one visit during cohort entry period (June 1, 2021 to February 01, 2023 may be tightened as desired)
Had evidence of either SARS-CoV-2 infection or Influenza infection within the cohort entry period
Had at least 1 visit within 18 months of index date, and at least 1 visit in the 1-6 months following the index date (follow up period)
Exclusions:
No prior SARS-CoV-2 ever, via test, diagnosis, or serology positive
No Influenza within pre-acute or acute period (6 months before index)
No prior RSV (outcome) or RSV within acute period
No co-infection of Influenza and SARS-Cov-2 within acute period
For influenza index infections, no other respiratory infection positive tests within 14 days of index date. Other respsiratory infections include:
- Adenovirus
- Coronavirus 229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43
- Human Metapneumovirus
- Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus
- Influenza A virus A/H1, A/H3, A/H1-2009
- Influenza B virus
- Parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, 4
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Bordetella parapertussis
- Bordetella pertussis
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
| Attrition step | persons |
|---|---|
| Patients under 6 years old with at least 1 visit during CE period | 1,547,992 |
| Had at least 1 of COVID, influenza infection event during CE period | 230,219 |
| Had COVID during CE period | 171,937 |
| Had influenza during CE period | 60,624 |
| Meets utilization inclusion criteria | 154,258 |
| Overall cohort without overlapping index infections | 146,975 |
| COVID sub-cohort | 118,957 |
| Influenza sub-cohort | 32,233 |
| Overall cohort without invalid gender and co-infections | 144,838 |
| Final COVID sub-cohort | 114,414 |
| Final Influenza sub-cohort | 30,424 |
1.2 Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of study population
| COVID (N=114414) |
Influenza (N=30424) |
Overall (N=144838) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
PI: Pacific Islander *Low, moderate, and high utilizers correspond to the 33th, 66th, and 97.5th percentile of the number of visits in the cohort **With a 3 year lookback period | |||
| Age categories | |||
| <6 months | 18724 (16.4%) | 2022 (6.6%) | 20746 (14.3%) |
| 6m-1y old | 22449 (19.6%) | 3343 (11.0%) | 25792 (17.8%) |
| 1-2y old | 25862 (22.6%) | 5874 (19.3%) | 31736 (21.9%) |
| 2-3y old | 18381 (16.1%) | 5779 (19.0%) | 24160 (16.7%) |
| 3-4y old | 15450 (13.5%) | 6320 (20.8%) | 21770 (15.0%) |
| 4-5y old | 13548 (11.8%) | 7086 (23.3%) | 20634 (14.2%) |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 52718 (46.1%) | 14115 (46.4%) | 66833 (46.1%) |
| Male | 61696 (53.9%) | 16309 (53.6%) | 78005 (53.9%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 25683 (22.4%) | 10140 (33.3%) | 35823 (24.7%) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian/PI | 6469 (5.7%) | 1196 (3.9%) | 7665 (5.3%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 18221 (15.9%) | 6086 (20.0%) | 24307 (16.8%) |
| Non-Hispanic Multiple | 2606 (2.3%) | 601 (2.0%) | 3207 (2.2%) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 46902 (41.0%) | 9399 (30.9%) | 56301 (38.9%) |
| Other/Unknown | 14533 (12.7%) | 3002 (9.9%) | 17535 (12.1%) |
| Insurance class | |||
| Public | 8619 (7.5%) | 3641 (12.0%) | 12260 (8.5%) |
| Private | 10779 (9.4%) | 2655 (8.7%) | 13434 (9.3%) |
| Other | 29686 (25.9%) | 9029 (29.7%) | 38715 (26.7%) |
| Missing | 65330 (57.1%) | 15099 (49.6%) | 80429 (55.5%) |
| Prior inpatient visit frequency* | |||
| High Utilizer | 1212 (1.1%) | 177 (0.6%) | 1389 (1.0%) |
| Moderate Utilizer | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Low Utilizer | 17040 (14.9%) | 3218 (10.6%) | 20258 (14.0%) |
| No Visits | 96162 (84.0%) | 27029 (88.8%) | 123191 (85.1%) |
| Prior outpatient visit frequency* | |||
| High Utilizer | 41322 (36.1%) | 8558 (28.1%) | 49880 (34.4%) |
| Moderate Utilizer | 37712 (33.0%) | 10166 (33.4%) | 47878 (33.1%) |
| Low Utilizer | 22281 (19.5%) | 7435 (24.4%) | 29716 (20.5%) |
| No Visits | 13099 (11.4%) | 4265 (14.0%) | 17364 (12.0%) |
| Prior ED visit frequency* | |||
| High Utilizer | 1979 (1.7%) | 686 (2.3%) | 2665 (1.8%) |
| Moderate Utilizer | 12116 (10.6%) | 4234 (13.9%) | 16350 (11.3%) |
| Low Utilizer | 18307 (16.0%) | 5458 (17.9%) | 23765 (16.4%) |
| No Visits | 82012 (71.7%) | 20046 (65.9%) | 102058 (70.5%) |
| Prior other visit frequency* | |||
| High Utilizer | 35042 (30.6%) | 7479 (24.6%) | 42521 (29.4%) |
| Moderate Utilizer | 28889 (25.2%) | 6541 (21.5%) | 35430 (24.5%) |
| Low Utilizer | 24387 (21.3%) | 5653 (18.6%) | 30040 (20.7%) |
| No Visits | 26096 (22.8%) | 10751 (35.3%) | 36847 (25.4%) |
| Test confirm diagnosis | |||
| diagnosis only | 38693 (33.8%) | 6953 (22.9%) | 45646 (31.5%) |
| lab confirmed | 75721 (66.2%) | 4000 (13.1%) | 79721 (55.0%) |
| lab & diagnosis | 0 (0%) | 19471 (64.0%) | 19471 (13.4%) |
| Hospitalized at index visit | |||
| No | 102678 (89.7%) | 28068 (92.3%) | 130746 (90.3%) |
| Yes | 11736 (10.3%) | 2356 (7.7%) | 14092 (9.7%) |
| PMCA** | |||
| No | 105937 (92.6%) | 26620 (87.5%) | 132557 (91.5%) |
| Yes | 8477 (7.4%) | 3804 (12.5%) | 12281 (8.5%) |
| Had at least one high risk condition | |||
| Yes | 54283 (47.4%) | 15882 (52.2%) | 70165 (48.4%) |
| No | 60131 (52.6%) | 14542 (47.8%) | 74673 (51.6%) |
1.3 Patient counts by sites — any respiratory outcomes
<SQL>
SELECT
"site",
"sub_cohort",
"lab_confirmed_index",
"ce_yr",
COUNT(DISTINCT "person_id") AS "n"
FROM (
SELECT
"person_id",
"sub_cohort",
CASE WHEN ("sub_cohort" = 'Influenza' AND "lab_confirmed_index" = 'lab & diagnosis') THEN 'lab confirmed' WHEN NOT ("sub_cohort" = 'Influenza' AND "lab_confirmed_index" = 'lab & diagnosis') THEN "lab_confirmed_index" END AS "lab_confirmed_index",
"ce_date",
"site",
"ce_yr"
FROM (
SELECT *, EXTRACT(year FROM "ce_date") AS "ce_yr"
FROM (
SELECT "analytic_dataset_final".*, "site"
FROM "analytic_dataset_final"
INNER JOIN "peds_omop"."person" AS "person"
ON ("analytic_dataset_final"."person_id" = "person"."person_id")
) "q01"
) "q02"
) "q03"
GROUP BY "site", "sub_cohort", "lab_confirmed_index", "ce_yr"
2 Sensitivity analysis: RSV infection outcome (original aim 1)
2.1 Supplemental Table 5b: Attrition Table for b) subcohort evaluating the outcome of RSV infection
This attrition table considers the cohort entry period to be defined from March 1, 2022 to July 1, 2022. This means that the study outcome window will extend from April 1, 2022 to January 1, 2023.
Attrition based on cohort inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were computed according to the following rules.
Patients under 6 years old with at least one visit during cohort entry period (Jan 1 - July 1, 2022, may be tightened as desired)
Had evidence of either SARS-CoV-2 infection, Influenza, or any other respiratory infection within the cohort entry period
Had at least 1 visit within 18 months of index date, and at least 1 visit in the 1-6 months following the index date (follow up period)
Index sub-cohort group was selected according to the following logic:
Select as initial index type and date the earliest evidence of SARS-CoV-2 or Influenza or other ARI
If a patient’s index category is an other ARI but they have evidence of SARS-CoV-2 or Influenza within 7 days, update the index category to SARS-CoV-2/Influenza accordingly, but keep the index date the same as the preliminary ARI diagnosis
Exclusions:
No prior SARS-CoV-2 ever, via test, diagnosis, or serology positive
No Influenza within pre-acute or acute period (6 months before index)
No prior RSV (outcome) or RSV within acute period
No co-infection of Influenza and SARS-Cov-2 within acute period
For influenza index infections, no other respiratory infection positive tests within 14 days of index date. Other respsiratory infections include:
- Adenovirus
- Coronavirus 229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43
- Human Metapneumovirus
- Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus
- Influenza A virus A/H1, A/H3, A/H1-2009
- Influenza B virus
- Parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, 4
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Bordetella parapertussis
- Bordetella pertussis
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
| Attrition step | persons |
|---|---|
| Patients under 6 years old with at least 1 visit during CE period | 938,178 |
| Had at least 1 of COVID, influenza, and/or other respiratory infection event during CE period | 131,139 |
| Had COVID during CE period | 29,476 |
| Had influenza during CE period | 14,853 |
| Had other respiratory infection during CE period | 96,804 |
| Meets utilization inclusion criteria | 85,249 |
| Overall cohort without overlapping index infections | 72,379 |
| COVID sub-cohort | 18,876 |
| Influenza sub-cohort | 6,706 |
| Other respiratory infection sub-cohort | 46,784 |
| Overall cohort without invalid gender and co-infections | 72,160 |
| Final COVID sub-cohort | 18,767 |
| Final Influenza sub-cohort | 6,697 |
| Final Respiratory sub-cohort | 46,696 |
2.2 Supplemental Table 6: Sociodemographic characteristics of study subcohort used for RSV analyses
| COVID (N=18767) |
Influenza (N=6697) |
Respiratory (N=46696) |
Overall (N=72160) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
PI: Pacific Islander *Low, moderate, and high utilizers correspond to the 33th, 66th, and 97.5th percentile of the number of visits in the cohort **With a 3 year lookback period | ||||
| Age categories | ||||
| <6 months | 2551 (13.6%) | 288 (4.3%) | 8358 (17.9%) | 11197 (15.5%) |
| 6m-1y old | 3628 (19.3%) | 562 (8.4%) | 7891 (16.9%) | 12081 (16.7%) |
| 1-2y old | 4521 (24.1%) | 1234 (18.4%) | 9137 (19.6%) | 14892 (20.6%) |
| 2-3y old | 3127 (16.7%) | 1347 (20.1%) | 7576 (16.2%) | 12050 (16.7%) |
| 3-4y old | 2492 (13.3%) | 1573 (23.5%) | 7059 (15.1%) | 11124 (15.4%) |
| 4-5y old | 2448 (13.0%) | 1693 (25.3%) | 6675 (14.3%) | 10816 (15.0%) |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 8753 (46.6%) | 3083 (46.0%) | 21589 (46.2%) | 33425 (46.3%) |
| Male | 10014 (53.4%) | 3614 (54.0%) | 25107 (53.8%) | 38735 (53.7%) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 3366 (17.9%) | 2834 (42.3%) | 11935 (25.6%) | 18135 (25.1%) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian/PI | 1595 (8.5%) | 184 (2.7%) | 2345 (5.0%) | 4124 (5.7%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2288 (12.2%) | 1201 (17.9%) | 6991 (15.0%) | 10480 (14.5%) |
| Non-Hispanic Multiple | 428 (2.3%) | 118 (1.8%) | 1155 (2.5%) | 1701 (2.4%) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 8380 (44.7%) | 1792 (26.8%) | 18572 (39.8%) | 28744 (39.8%) |
| Other/Unknown | 2710 (14.4%) | 568 (8.5%) | 5698 (12.2%) | 8976 (12.4%) |
| Insurance class | ||||
| Public | 1197 (6.4%) | 995 (14.9%) | 4951 (10.6%) | 7143 (9.9%) |
| Private | 2390 (12.7%) | 593 (8.9%) | 5458 (11.7%) | 8441 (11.7%) |
| Other | 4723 (25.2%) | 1371 (20.5%) | 16130 (34.5%) | 22224 (30.8%) |
| Missing | 10457 (55.7%) | 3738 (55.8%) | 20157 (43.2%) | 34352 (47.6%) |
| Prior inpatient visit frequency* | ||||
| High Utilizer | 324 (1.7%) | 52 (0.8%) | 339 (0.7%) | 715 (1.0%) |
| Low Utilizer | 2645 (14.1%) | 559 (8.3%) | 5571 (11.9%) | 8775 (12.2%) |
| No Visits | 15798 (84.2%) | 6086 (90.9%) | 40786 (87.3%) | 62670 (86.8%) |
| Prior outpatient visit frequency* | ||||
| High Utilizer | 8738 (46.6%) | 2015 (30.1%) | 13317 (28.5%) | 24070 (33.4%) |
| Moderate Utilizer | 4706 (25.1%) | 1920 (28.7%) | 13213 (28.3%) | 19839 (27.5%) |
| Low Utilizer | 3393 (18.1%) | 1723 (25.7%) | 12867 (27.6%) | 17983 (24.9%) |
| No Visits | 1930 (10.3%) | 1039 (15.5%) | 7299 (15.6%) | 10268 (14.2%) |
| Prior ED visit frequency* | ||||
| High Utilizer | 477 (2.5%) | 322 (4.8%) | 370 (0.8%) | 1169 (1.6%) |
| Moderate Utilizer | 1565 (8.3%) | 822 (12.3%) | 2385 (5.1%) | 4772 (6.6%) |
| Low Utilizer | 2799 (14.9%) | 1234 (18.4%) | 6349 (13.6%) | 10382 (14.4%) |
| No Visits | 13926 (74.2%) | 4319 (64.5%) | 37592 (80.5%) | 55837 (77.4%) |
| Prior other visit frequency* | ||||
| High Utilizer | 10953 (58.4%) | 2735 (40.8%) | 23298 (49.9%) | 36986 (51.3%) |
| Low Utilizer | 3920 (20.9%) | 1118 (16.7%) | 10105 (21.6%) | 15143 (21.0%) |
| No Visits | 3894 (20.7%) | 2844 (42.5%) | 13293 (28.5%) | 20031 (27.8%) |
| Test confirm diagnosis | ||||
| diagnosis only | 8242 (43.9%) | 1378 (20.6%) | 46696 (100%) | 56316 (78.0%) |
| lab confirmed | 10525 (56.1%) | 798 (11.9%) | 0 (0%) | 11323 (15.7%) |
| lab & diagnosis | 0 (0%) | 4521 (67.5%) | 0 (0%) | 4521 (6.3%) |
| Hospitalized for index infection | ||||
| No | 16972 (90.4%) | 6103 (91.1%) | 42634 (91.3%) | 65709 (91.1%) |
| Yes | 1795 (9.6%) | 594 (8.9%) | 4062 (8.7%) | 6451 (8.9%) |
| PMCA** | ||||
| No | 18757 (99.9%) | 6697 (100%) | 46693 (100.0%) | 72147 (100.0%) |
| Yes | 10 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.0%) | 13 (0.0%) |
| Had at least one high risk condition | ||||
| No | 12770 (68.0%) | 4157 (62.1%) | 32719 (70.1%) | 49646 (68.8%) |
| Yes | 5997 (32.0%) | 2540 (37.9%) | 13977 (29.9%) | 22514 (31.2%) |
2.3 Patient counts by sites — RSV outcomes
<SQL>
SELECT
"site",
"sub_cohort",
"lab_confirmed_index",
"ce_yr",
COUNT(DISTINCT "person_id") AS "n"
FROM (
SELECT
"person_id",
"sub_cohort",
CASE WHEN ("sub_cohort" = 'Influenza' AND "lab_confirmed_index" = 'lab & diagnosis') THEN 'lab confirmed' WHEN NOT ("sub_cohort" = 'Influenza' AND "lab_confirmed_index" = 'lab & diagnosis') THEN "lab_confirmed_index" END AS "lab_confirmed_index",
"ce_date",
"site",
"ce_yr"
FROM (
SELECT *, EXTRACT(year FROM "ce_date") AS "ce_yr"
FROM (
SELECT "analytic_dataset_final".*, "site"
FROM "analytic_dataset_final"
INNER JOIN "peds_omop"."person" AS "person"
ON ("analytic_dataset_final"."person_id" = "person"."person_id")
) "q01"
) "q02"
) "q03"
GROUP BY "site", "sub_cohort", "lab_confirmed_index", "ce_yr"
3 Figure 1: Epi curve
4 Table 6: Co-infection tables
| sub_cohort | cohort | label |
|---|---|---|
| COVID | RSV infection within 61 to 180 days from index infection | 403 (2.15 %) |
| COVID | RSV infection within 1 to 60 days from index infection | 97 (0.52 %) |
| COVID | RSV infection on the same date as index infection | 522 (2.78 %) |
| Influenza | RSV infection within 61 to 180 days from index infection | 114 (1.7 %) |
| Influenza | RSV infection within 1 to 60 days from index infection | 30 (0.45 %) |
| Influenza | RSV infection on the same date as index infection | 171 (2.55 %) |
5 Figure 2: Odds ratios of unweighted, weighted, adjusted and unadjusted models
Footnote: Square and triangle shapes represent odds ratios, lines represent 95% confidence intervals. Each color represents a different model with varied time period of evaluation, weighting and adjustment. Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, prior inpatient visit frequency*, prior outpatient visit frequency, prior emergency visit frequency, Hospitalization at index infection, and high risk condition.
5.1 Figure 2a RSV infection in in the 15-180 days following SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with following influenza infection
[1] "using LR weights"
[1] "using LR weights"
| Unweighted, unadjusted | Unweighted, adjusted | Weighted (LR), unadjusted | Weighted (LR), adjusted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.02 *** | 0.48 * | 0.03 *** | 0.46 ** |
| [0.02, 0.02] | [0.27, 0.84] | [0.02, 0.03] | [0.26, 0.82] | |
| covid | 1.19 | 0.99 | 0.78 ** | 0.78 ** |
| [1.00, 1.42] | [0.82, 1.20] | [0.67, 0.91] | [0.67, 0.91] | |
| age_group1-2y old | 0.41 *** | 0.35 *** | ||
| [0.32, 0.53] | [0.28, 0.45] | |||
| age_group2-3y old | 0.30 *** | 0.25 *** | ||
| [0.23, 0.40] | [0.19, 0.33] | |||
| age_group3-4y old | 0.21 *** | 0.18 *** | ||
| [0.15, 0.29] | [0.13, 0.25] | |||
| age_group4-5y old | 0.10 *** | 0.09 *** | ||
| [0.06, 0.15] | [0.06, 0.13] | |||
| age_group6m-1y old | 0.60 *** | 0.64 *** | ||
| [0.46, 0.77] | [0.51, 0.81] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Asian/PI | 1.04 | 0.99 | ||
| [0.71, 1.52] | [0.69, 1.42] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Black/AA | 1.06 | 1.26 * | ||
| [0.84, 1.35] | [1.01, 1.58] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Multiple | 1.00 | 0.72 | ||
| [0.60, 1.65] | [0.42, 1.24] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_White | 0.90 | 0.91 | ||
| [0.72, 1.11] | [0.75, 1.12] | |||
| race_eth_catOther/Unknown | 0.62 * | 0.55 ** | ||
| [0.43, 0.90] | [0.38, 0.79] | |||
| sex_catMale | 0.94 | 1.09 | ||
| [0.80, 1.11] | [0.93, 1.27] | |||
| hospitalized_at_indexNot hospitalized | 0.25 *** | 0.23 *** | ||
| [0.21, 0.30] | [0.19, 0.28] | |||
| util_inpatientlow_utilizer | 0.71 | 0.92 | ||
| [0.45, 1.11] | [0.57, 1.50] | |||
| util_inpatientno_visits | 0.72 | 0.91 | ||
| [0.46, 1.11] | [0.56, 1.47] | |||
| util_outpatientlow_utilizer | 1.03 | 0.98 | ||
| [0.80, 1.31] | [0.77, 1.24] | |||
| util_outpatientmoderate_utilizer | 0.84 | 0.78 * | ||
| [0.66, 1.05] | [0.62, 0.97] | |||
| util_outpatientno_visits | 1.20 | 1.18 | ||
| [0.91, 1.57] | [0.92, 1.52] | |||
| util_edlow_utilizer | 0.72 * | 0.71 * | ||
| [0.51, 1.00] | [0.52, 0.98] | |||
| util_edmoderate_utilizer | 0.67 * | 0.65 * | ||
| [0.47, 0.94] | [0.47, 0.91] | |||
| util_edno_visits | 0.46 *** | 0.49 *** | ||
| [0.33, 0.63] | [0.36, 0.66] | |||
| util_otherlow_utilizer | 0.80 | 0.78 * | ||
| [0.63, 1.01] | [0.62, 0.98] | |||
| util_otherno_visits | 0.88 | 0.92 | ||
| [0.71, 1.09] | [0.75, 1.12] | |||
| highrisk_flagYes | 1.46 *** | 1.35 *** | ||
| [1.22, 1.75] | [1.14, 1.61] | |||
| N | 28674 | 28674 | 28674 | 28674 |
| AIC | 5988.59 | 5465.46 | ||
| BIC | 6005.12 | 5672.05 | ||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
| *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. | ||||
5.2 Figure 2b any respiratory infection in the 30 to 180 days following SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with following influenza infection
| Unweighted, unadjusted | Unweighted, adjusted | Weighted (LR), unadjusted | Weighted (LR), adjusted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.70 *** | 1.34 *** | 0.76 *** | 1.45 *** |
| [0.68, 0.73] | [1.16, 1.55] | [0.74, 0.78] | [1.26, 1.67] | |
| covid | 0.69 *** | 0.69 *** | 0.63 *** | 0.64 *** |
| [0.66, 0.71] | [0.67, 0.72] | [0.61, 0.65] | [0.62, 0.67] | |
| age_group1-2y old | 0.67 *** | 0.64 *** | ||
| [0.64, 0.70] | [0.61, 0.67] | |||
| age_group2-3y old | 0.64 *** | 0.62 *** | ||
| [0.62, 0.67] | [0.59, 0.65] | |||
| age_group3-4y old | 0.64 *** | 0.60 *** | ||
| [0.61, 0.67] | [0.58, 0.63] | |||
| age_group4-5y old | 0.58 *** | 0.55 *** | ||
| [0.55, 0.60] | [0.53, 0.58] | |||
| age_group6m-1y old | 0.80 *** | 0.77 *** | ||
| [0.76, 0.83] | [0.74, 0.81] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Asian/PI | 0.78 *** | 0.78 *** | ||
| [0.73, 0.82] | [0.74, 0.83] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Black/AA | 0.71 *** | 0.71 *** | ||
| [0.68, 0.74] | [0.68, 0.73] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Multiple | 0.77 *** | 0.81 *** | ||
| [0.71, 0.84] | [0.75, 0.87] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_White | 0.89 *** | 0.89 *** | ||
| [0.86, 0.91] | [0.87, 0.92] | |||
| race_eth_catOther/Unknown | 0.70 *** | 0.72 *** | ||
| [0.67, 0.73] | [0.69, 0.76] | |||
| sex_catMale | 1.02 | 1.01 | ||
| [0.99, 1.04] | [0.99, 1.04] | |||
| hospitalized_at_indexYes | 1.40 *** | 1.39 *** | ||
| [1.34, 1.45] | [1.34, 1.45] | |||
| util_inpatientlow_utilizer | 1.22 ** | 1.18 ** | ||
| [1.08, 1.38] | [1.04, 1.33] | |||
| util_inpatientno_visits | 1.36 *** | 1.34 *** | ||
| [1.21, 1.53] | [1.19, 1.50] | |||
| util_outpatientlow_utilizer | 0.68 *** | 0.67 *** | ||
| [0.65, 0.70] | [0.64, 0.69] | |||
| util_outpatientmoderate_utilizer | 0.75 *** | 0.74 *** | ||
| [0.73, 0.77] | [0.72, 0.76] | |||
| util_outpatientno_visits | 0.68 *** | 0.66 *** | ||
| [0.65, 0.70] | [0.63, 0.69] | |||
| util_edlow_utilizer | 0.62 *** | 0.64 *** | ||
| [0.57, 0.67] | [0.59, 0.69] | |||
| util_edmoderate_utilizer | 0.71 *** | 0.74 *** | ||
| [0.66, 0.77] | [0.68, 0.80] | |||
| util_edno_visits | 0.49 *** | 0.51 *** | ||
| [0.45, 0.53] | [0.47, 0.55] | |||
| util_otherlow_utilizer | 1.02 | 1.04 * | ||
| [0.99, 1.06] | [1.00, 1.08] | |||
| util_othermoderate_utilizer | 0.92 *** | 0.93 *** | ||
| [0.89, 0.95] | [0.90, 0.96] | |||
| util_otherno_visits | 1.38 *** | 1.37 *** | ||
| [1.33, 1.42] | [1.32, 1.42] | |||
| highrisk_flagYes | 1.71 *** | 1.75 *** | ||
| [1.66, 1.75] | [1.71, 1.79] | |||
| N | 133086 | 133086 | 133086 | 133086 |
| AIC | 169357.46 | 163155.81 | ||
| BIC | 169377.06 | 163410.58 | ||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. | ||||
5.3 Figure 2c any infection in the 30 to 180 days following SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with following influenza infection
[1] "using LR weights"
[1] "using LR weights"
| Unweighted, unadjusted | Unweighted, adjusted | Weighted (LR), unadjusted | Weighted (LR), adjusted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.84 *** | 2.23 *** | 0.90 *** | 3.36 *** |
| [0.81, 0.87] | [1.93, 2.58] | [0.88, 0.91] | [2.88, 3.93] | |
| covid | 0.77 *** | 0.78 *** | 0.71 *** | 0.72 *** |
| [0.74, 0.80] | [0.75, 0.81] | [0.70, 0.73] | [0.71, 0.74] | |
| age_group1-2y old | 0.70 *** | 0.63 *** | ||
| [0.67, 0.73] | [0.60, 0.65] | |||
| age_group2-3y old | 0.65 *** | 0.62 *** | ||
| [0.62, 0.68] | [0.59, 0.64] | |||
| age_group3-4y old | 0.62 *** | 0.54 *** | ||
| [0.59, 0.65] | [0.52, 0.57] | |||
| age_group4-5y old | 0.57 *** | 0.51 *** | ||
| [0.55, 0.60] | [0.49, 0.54] | |||
| age_group6m-1y old | 0.85 *** | 0.83 *** | ||
| [0.81, 0.88] | [0.79, 0.86] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Asian/PI | 0.76 *** | 0.74 *** | ||
| [0.72, 0.81] | [0.70, 0.78] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Black/AA | 0.70 *** | 0.72 *** | ||
| [0.67, 0.72] | [0.69, 0.74] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_Multiple | 0.77 *** | 0.82 *** | ||
| [0.71, 0.83] | [0.76, 0.88] | |||
| race_eth_catNH_White | 0.80 *** | 0.81 *** | ||
| [0.77, 0.82] | [0.79, 0.83] | |||
| race_eth_catOther/Unknown | 0.67 *** | 0.73 *** | ||
| [0.64, 0.70] | [0.70, 0.76] | |||
| sex_catMale | 0.98 | 0.97 ** | ||
| [0.96, 1.00] | [0.95, 0.99] | |||
| hospitalized_at_indexYes | 1.39 *** | 1.39 *** | ||
| [1.34, 1.45] | [1.33, 1.44] | |||
| util_inpatientlow_utilizer | 1.03 | 0.77 *** | ||
| [0.91, 1.16] | [0.67, 0.88] | |||
| util_inpatientno_visits | 1.12 | 0.85 * | ||
| [1.00, 1.26] | [0.75, 0.98] | |||
| util_outpatientlow_utilizer | 0.67 *** | 0.63 *** | ||
| [0.65, 0.70] | [0.61, 0.66] | |||
| util_outpatientmoderate_utilizer | 0.76 *** | 0.71 *** | ||
| [0.74, 0.78] | [0.69, 0.73] | |||
| util_outpatientno_visits | 0.71 *** | 0.64 *** | ||
| [0.68, 0.74] | [0.61, 0.66] | |||
| util_edlow_utilizer | 0.59 *** | 0.60 *** | ||
| [0.55, 0.64] | [0.56, 0.65] | |||
| util_edmoderate_utilizer | 0.70 *** | 0.70 *** | ||
| [0.65, 0.76] | [0.65, 0.75] | |||
| util_edno_visits | 0.44 *** | 0.47 *** | ||
| [0.41, 0.48] | [0.44, 0.51] | |||
| util_otherlow_utilizer | 1.00 | 1.07 *** | ||
| [0.96, 1.03] | [1.03, 1.11] | |||
| util_othermoderate_utilizer | 0.90 *** | 0.92 *** | ||
| [0.87, 0.93] | [0.89, 0.95] | |||
| util_otherno_visits | 1.31 *** | 1.38 *** | ||
| [1.26, 1.35] | [1.33, 1.43] | |||
| highrisk_flagYes | 1.74 *** | 1.61 *** | ||
| [1.69, 1.78] | [1.57, 1.65] | |||
| N | 133183 | 133183 | 133183 | 133183 |
| AIC | 178935.57 | 171371.45 | ||
| BIC | 178955.17 | 171626.24 | ||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
| *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. | ||||
6 Figure S3: Results of IPTW illustrating the balance achieved when using propensity score weighting to reduce confounding of covariates with the exposure (SARS-Cov-2 infection compared to influenza
- Footnote: The propensity weighting accounts for age, sex, ethnicity, time of index infection and high risk conditions.